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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

AI Language Models in Health Care (693) Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Sciences (284) Natural Language Processing (1225) Ontologies, Classifications, and Coding (416) Generative Language Models Including ChatGPT (1416) Foundation Models and Their Applications in AI (102) Ambient AI Scribes and AI-Driven Documentation Technologies (96)

Published on in Vol 13 (2025)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/71176, first published .
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Language Models for Multilabel Document Classification of Surgical Concepts in Exploratory Laparotomy Operative Notes: Algorithm Development Study

Language Models for Multilabel Document Classification of Surgical Concepts in Exploratory Laparotomy Operative Notes: Algorithm Development Study

Authors of this article:

Jeremy A Balch1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Sasank S Desaraju3 Author Orcid Image ;   Victoria J Nolan1 Author Orcid Image ;   Divya Vellanki3 Author Orcid Image ;   Timothy R Buchanan3 Author Orcid Image ;   Lindsey M Brinkley3 Author Orcid Image ;   Yordan Penev3 Author Orcid Image ;   Ahmet Bilgili3 Author Orcid Image ;   Aashay Patel3 Author Orcid Image ;   Corinne E Chatham3 Author Orcid Image ;   David M Vanderbilt3 Author Orcid Image ;   Rayon Uddin3 Author Orcid Image ;   Azra Bihorac4, 5 Author Orcid Image ;   Philip Efron1 Author Orcid Image ;   Tyler J Loftus1, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Protiva Rahman2 Author Orcid Image ;   Benjamin Shickel4, 5 Author Orcid Image
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  1. Tinajero C. The Pediatric Surgeon's AI Toolbox: How Large Language Models Like ChatGPT Are Simplifying Practice and Expanding Global Access. European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2026;36(03):190 View
  2. Guven Z, Mendes E, Baker S. Multi-Label Text Classification Using Prompting Techniques via LLMs in Software Effort Estimation. IEEE Access 2026;14:52753 View
  3. Ando H, Matsugaki R, Yamakawa S, Ogami A. Automated Classification of Occupational Accident Texts Using Large Language Models: A Pilot Study. Occupational Health 2026;1(2):16 View
  4. Cox M, Lin E, Oleck N, Jones C, Li N, Mithani S, Allori A. Natural Language Processing for Automated Classification of Cleft and Craniofacial Procedures From Operative Notes: Model Development and Feasibility Study. JMIR Medical Informatics 2026;14:e87133 View
  5. Helder M, Olsen C, Pandeya N, Wang H, Whiteman D, Trzaskowski M, Law M, Sbaffi L. Automated identification of keratinocyte cancers in pathology reports using large language models. PLOS Digital Health 2026;5(7):e0001547 View