A Case Demonstration of the Open Health Natural Language Processing Toolkit From the National COVID-19 Cohort Collaborative and the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery Programs for a Natural Language Processing System for COVID-19 or Postacute Sequelae of SARS CoV-2 Infection: Algorithm Development and Validation

Andrew Wen   ^{1, 2 *} , MSc ;   Liwei Wang   ^{1, 2 *} , PhD ;   Huan He   ¹ , PhD ;   Sunyang Fu   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Sijia Liu   ¹ , PhD ;   David A Hanauer   ³ , MSc, MD ;   Daniel R Harris   ⁴ , PhD ;   Ramakanth Kavuluru   ⁵ , PhD ;   Rui Zhang   ⁶ , PhD ;   Karthik Natarajan   ⁷ , PhD ;   Nishanth P Pavinkurve   ⁷ , MSc ;   Janos Hajagos   ⁸ , PhD ;   Sritha Rajupet   ⁸ , MPH, MD ;   Veena Lingam   ⁸ , MD ;   Mary Saltz   ⁸ , MD ;   Corey Elowsky   ⁸ , MSc ;   Richard A Moffitt   ⁸ , PhD ;   Farrukh M Koraishy   ⁹ , MD, PhD ;   Matvey B Palchuk   ¹⁰ , MSc, MD ;   Jordan Donovan   ¹⁰ , BS ;   Lora Lingrey   ¹⁰ , BS ;   Garo Stone-DerHagopian   ¹⁰ , BS ;   Robert T Miller   ¹¹ , MSc ;   Andrew E Williams   ^{11, 12} , PhD ;   Peter J Leese   ¹³ , MSPH ;   Paul I Kovach   ¹³ , MPH ;   Emily R Pfaff   ¹³ , PhD ;   Mikhail Zemmel   ¹⁴ , MSc ;   Robert D Pates   ¹⁴ , PhD ;   Nick Guthe   ¹⁵ , BS ;   Melissa A Haendel   ¹⁶ , PhD ;   Christopher G Chute   ¹⁷ , DrPH, MD ;   Hongfang Liu   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   National COVID Cohort Collaborative   ^{18 *} ;   The RECOVER Initiative   ^{18 *}

¹ Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States

² McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States

³ Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁴ Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States

⁵ Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States

⁶ Division of Health Data Science, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States

⁷ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States

⁸ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States

⁹ Division of Nephrology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States

¹⁰ TriNetX LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹¹ Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States

¹² Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States

¹³ North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

¹⁴ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States

¹⁵ Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States

¹⁶ University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States

¹⁷ Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States

¹⁸ see Acknowledgments, Bethesda, MD, United States

*these authors contributed equally