An End-to-End Natural Language Processing Application for Prediction of Medical Case Coding Complexity: Algorithm Development and Validation

He Ayu Xu   ^{1 *} , PhD ;   Bernard Maccari   ^{2 *} , MSc ;   Hervé Guillain   ³ , MD, DrPH ;   Julien Herzen   ² , PhD ;   Fabio Agri   ^{4, 5 *} , MBA, MD ;   Jean Louis Raisaro   ^{1 *} , PhD

¹ Biomedical Data Science Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

² Unit8 SA, Lausanne, Switzerland

³ Public Health Solutions Ltd, Promasens, Switzerland

⁴ Department of Administration and Finance, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

⁵ Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

*these authors contributed equally