Automatic International Classification of Diseases Coding System: Deep Contextualized Language Model With Rule-Based Approaches

Pei-Fu Chen   ^{1, 2 *} , MD ;   Kuan-Chih Chen   ^{1, 3 *} , MD, MSc ;   Wei-Chih Liao   ¹ , MSc ;   Feipei Lai   ^{1, 4, 5} , PhD ;   Tai-Liang He   ⁴ , BSc ;   Sheng-Che Lin   ⁴ , BSc ;   Wei-Jen Chen   ¹ , BSc ;   Chi-Yu Yang   ^{6, 7} , MD ;   Yu-Cheng Lin   ^{8, 9} , MD, PhD ;   I-Chang Tsai   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Chi-Hao Chiu   ¹¹ , MS ;   Shu-Chih Chang   ¹² , MA ;   Fang-Ming Hung   ^{13, 14} , MD

¹ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

² Department of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

³ Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

⁴ Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁵ Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁶ Department of Information Technology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

⁷ Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

⁹ Department of Healthcare Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan

¹⁰ Artificial Intelligence Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

¹¹ Section of Health Insurance, Department of Medical Affairs, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

¹² Medical Records Department, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

¹³ Department of Medical Affairs, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

¹⁴ Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

*these authors contributed equally