Federated Learning for Thyroid Ultrasound Image Analysis to Protect Personal Information: Validation Study in a Real Health Care Environment

Haeyun Lee   ^{1, 2 *} , MSc ;   Young Jun Chai   ^{3 *} , MD, PhD ;   Hyunjin Joo   ^{1, 4} , BA ;   Kyungsu Lee   ^{1, 2} , BS ;   Jae Youn Hwang   ² , PhD ;   Seok-Mo Kim   ⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Kwangsoon Kim   ⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Inn-Chul Nam   ⁷ , MD, PhD ;   June Young Choi   ⁸ , MD, PhD ;   Hyeong Won Yu   ⁸ , MD, PhD ;   Myung-Chul Lee   ⁹ , MD, PhD ;   Hiroo Masuoka   ¹⁰ , MD, PhD ;   Akira Miyauchi   ¹⁰ , MD, PhD ;   Kyu Eun Lee   ^{1, 11} , MD, PhD ;   Sungwan Kim   ^{1, 4, 12} , PhD ;   Hyoun-Joong Kong   ^{1, 4, 13} , PhD

¹ Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

² Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea

³ Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁴ Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁵ Department of Surgery, Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁶ Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁷ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

⁸ Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

⁹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea

¹⁰ Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

¹¹ Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

¹² Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

¹³ Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

*these authors contributed equally