Reducing Annotation Costs Using Knowledge Distillation for Label‑Efficient Negation Detection in Radiology Reports: Multisite Internal Validation Study

Kung-Hsun Weng   ¹ , MSc, MD ;   Bo-Lin Huang   ¹ , MD ;   Yu-Ting Kuo   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD, PhD ;   Yi-Chen Chou   ¹ , MD ;   Tsyh-Jyi Hsieh   ¹ , MD ;   Chung-Feng Liu   ¹ , PhD

¹ Department of Medical Imaging, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan

² Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

³ Department of Radiology, School and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan