Using Machine Learning to Predict-Then-Optimize Elective Orthopedic Surgery Scheduling to Improve Operating Room Utilization: Retrospective Study

Johnathan R Lex   ^{1, 2, 3 *} , MBChB, MASc ;   Aazad Abbas   ^{1, 2, 3 *} , MD ;   Jacob Mosseri   ^{1, 4} , MASc ;   Jay Singh Toor   ^{5, 6} , MD, MBA ;   Michael Simone   ^{1, 4} , BASc ;   Bheeshma Ravi   ^{3, 7} , MD, PhD ;   Cari Whyne   ^{1, 2, 3, 7} , PhD ;   Elias B Khalil   ⁴ , PhD

¹ Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

² Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

³ Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁴ Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁵ Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada

⁶ Orthopaedic Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada

⁷ Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada

*these authors contributed equally