Machine Learning Algorithms to Detect Subclinical Keratoconus: Systematic Review

Howard Maile   ^{1 *} , MSc ;   Ji-Peng Olivia Li   ^{2 *} , MA, FRCOphth ;   Daniel Gore   ² , MD, FRCOphth ;   Marcello Leucci   ² , BA ;   Padraig Mulholland   ^{1, 2, 3} , PhD ;   Scott Hau   ² , MSc ;   Anita Szabo   ¹ , MSci ;   Ismail Moghul   ² , PhD ;   Konstantinos Balaskas   ² , BS, MD ;   Kaoru Fujinami   ^{1, 2, 4, 5} , MD, PhD ;   Pirro Hysi   ^{6, 7} , MD, PhD ;   Alice Davidson   ¹ , PhD ;   Petra Liskova   ^{8, 9} , MD, PhD ;   Alison Hardcastle   ¹ , PhD ;   Stephen Tuft   ^{1, 2} , MD, FRCOphth ;   Nikolas Pontikos   ^{1, 2} , PhD

¹ UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom

² Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom

³ Centre for Optometry & Vision Science, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom

⁴ Laboratory of Visual Physiology, Division of Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

⁶ Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

⁷ Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

⁸ Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

⁹ Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

*these authors contributed equally