Published on in Vol 13 (2025)

1 School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
3 Hainan Boao Lecheng International Medical Tourism Pilot Zone Administration, Hainan Lecheng Institute of Real-World Research, Lecheng, China
4 Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
5 Center for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
6 Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
7 Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
8 Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
9 Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
10 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
11 School of Public Health, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
