Deep Learning–Based Prediction of Refractive Error Using Photorefraction Images Captured by a Smartphone: Model Development and Validation Study

Jaehyeong Chun   ^{1 *} , BSc, MSc ;   Youngjun Kim   ^{2 *} , MD ;   Kyoung Yoon Shin   ² , MD ;   Sun Hyup Han   ² , MD ;   Sei Yeul Oh   ² , MD, PhD ;   Tae-Young Chung   ² , MD, PhD ;   Kyung-Ah Park   ² , MD, PhD ;   Dong Hui Lim   ^{2, 3} , MD, PhD

¹ Department of Industrial and System Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

² Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

³ Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

*these authors contributed equally