A Deep-Learning Algorithm (ECG12Net) for Detecting Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia by Electrocardiography: Algorithm Development

Chin-Sheng Lin   ^{1 *} , MD, PhD ;   Chin Lin   ^{2, 3, 4 *} , PhD ;   Wen-Hui Fang   ⁵ , MD ;   Chia-Jung Hsu   ⁶ , MSc ;   Sy-Jou Chen   ^{7, 8} , MD ;   Kuo-Hua Huang   ⁶ , BSc ;   Wei-Shiang Lin   ¹ , MD ;   Chien-Sung Tsai   ⁹ , MD ;   Chih-Chun Kuo   ¹⁰ , BSc ;   Tom Chau   ¹¹ , MD ;   Stephen JH Yang   ¹² , PhD ;   Shih-Hua Lin   ^{2, 13} , MD

¹ Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

² Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

³ Division of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴ Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

⁵ Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

⁶ Planning and Management Office, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

⁷ Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

⁸ Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁹ Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

¹⁰ Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

¹¹ Department of Medicine, Providence St Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States

¹² Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

¹³ Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

*these authors contributed equally