Real-World Use of Controlled Terminologies, Ontologies, and Vocabularies for Evidence Generation Across a Large International Observational Network: Challenges and Lessons Learned From a Mixed Method Study

Anna Ostropolets   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Vlad Korsik   ³ , MD ;   Tatsiana Skuhareuskaya   ³ , MD ;   Aleh Zhuk   ³ , MD ;   Maryia Khitrun   ³ , MD ;   Alexander Davydov   ³ , MD ;   Dmitry Dymshyts   ¹ , MD ;   Christian Reich   ^{4 *} , MD, PhD ;   George Hripcsak   ^{2 *} , MD, MS ;   Patrick Ryan   ^{2, 5 *} , PhD

¹ Observational Health Data Analytics, Johnson & Johnson, Raritan, NJ, United States

² Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States

³ Odysseus, an EPAM Company, Cambridge, MA, United States

⁴ Nemesis Health, New York, NY, United States

⁵ Observational Health Data Analytics, Johnson&Johnson (United States), Titusville, NJ, United States

*these authors contributed equally