AI-Assisted Detection of Supraspinatus Tendon Pathologies Using a Hierarchical Deep Learning Model to Improve Clinical Applicability: Development and Evaluation Study

Kun-Hui Chen   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD ;   Jacky Chung-Hao Wu   ^{4, 5, 6} , PhD ;   Hsin-Yu Chang   ⁶ ;   En-Rung Chiang   ^{2, 3} , MD, PhD ;   Hsuan-Hsiao Ma   ^{2, 3} , MD ;   Hsin-Yi Wang   ^{3, 7} , MD, PhD ;   Henry Horng-Shing Lu   ^{5, 6, 8, 9 *} , PhD ;   Chih-Yu Yang   ^{1, 10, 11, 12 *} , MD, PhD

¹ Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

² Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

³ Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴ Center for Fundamental Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁵ Biomedical Artificial Intelligence Academy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁶ Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

⁷ Department of Anaesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

⁸ Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁹ Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States

¹⁰ Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

¹¹ Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

¹² Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

*these authors contributed equally