Screening for Clinically Significant Nephrolithiasis Based on Simple Health Checkup Clinical and Urine Parameters in General Populations: Multicenter Machine Learning Study

Hao-Wei Chen   ^{1, 2, 3} , MD, PhD ;   Pei-Siou Wei   ^{4, 5} , MS ;   Yu-Chen Chen   ^{1, 2, 6} , MD ;   Jeng-Yih Wu   ^{7, 8, 9} , MD ;   Chia-I Lin   ⁸ , MD ;   Yii-Her Chou   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Yung-Shun Juan   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Wen-Jeng Wu   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Chung-Yao Kao   ⁴ , PhD ;   Jung-Ting Lee   ¹⁰ , PhD

¹ Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

² Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

³ Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁴ Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁵ United Kaohsiung AI Medical Technology Co, Ltd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁶ Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁸ Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

⁹ College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

¹⁰ School of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan