Enhancing Model Generalizability in Medical Artificial Intelligence: Systematic Comparison of Categorical Encoding and Sampling Techniques for Imbalanced Data

Chien-wei Chuang   ^{1, 2 *} ;   Chung-Kuan Wu   ^{3, 4, 5, 6 *} , Prof Dr ;   Chao-Hsin Wu   ^{1, 2} ;   Ben-Chang Shia   ^{1, 2} , Prof Dr ;   Mingchih Chen   ^{1, 2} , Prof Dr

¹ Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan

² Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan

³ Division of Nephrology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴ Dialysis Access Management Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

⁵ School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan

⁶ Division of Digital Informatics Management, Department of Digital Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

*these authors contributed equally