Published on in Vol 13 (2025)

1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
2 ManagingLife, Toronto, ON, Canada
3 Transitional Pain Service, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
4 Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
5 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
6 Department of Computer Science, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
*these authors contributed equally