Deep Learning Methodology for Differentiating Glioma Recurrence From Radiation Necrosis Using Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Algorithm Development and Validation

Yang Gao   ^{1 *} , PhD ;   Xiong Xiao   ^{2 *} , MD ;   Bangcheng Han   ³ , PhD ;   Guilin Li   ⁴ , MD ;   Xiaolin Ning   ³ , PhD ;   Defeng Wang   ³ , PhD ;   Weidong Cai   ⁵ , PhD ;   Ron Kikinis   ^{6, 7, 8} , MD, PhD ;   Shlomo Berkovsky   ⁹ , PhD ;   Antonio Di Ieva   ¹⁰ , MD, PhD ;   Liwei Zhang   ² , MD ;   Nan Ji   ² , MD ;   Sidong Liu   ⁹ , PhD

¹ Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China

² Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

³ School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China

⁴ Department of Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

⁵ School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

⁶ Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

⁷ Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

⁸ Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany

⁹ Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

¹⁰ Computational NeuroSurgery Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

*these authors contributed equally