Foundations for Meaningful Consent in Canada’s Digital Health Ecosystem: Retrospective Study

Nelson Shen   ^{1, 2} , MHA, PhD ;   Iman Kassam   ¹ , BSc, MHI ;   Haoyu Zhao   ¹ , MPH ;   Sheng Chen   ¹ , PhD ;   Wei Wang   ^{1, 3} , PhD ;   Sarah Wickham   ⁴ , BSc ;   Gillian Strudwick   ^{1, 2} , RN, PhD ;   Abigail Carter-Langford   ⁴ , LLM

¹ Centre for Complex Interventions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada

² Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

³ College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States

⁴ Canada Health Infoway, Toronto, ON, Canada