Implementation of the COVID-19 Vulnerability Index Across an International Network of Health Care Data Sets: Collaborative External Validation Study

Jenna M Reps   ¹ , BSc, MSc, PhD ;   Chungsoo Kim   ² , PharmD ;   Ross D Williams   ³ , MSc ;   Aniek F Markus   ³ , BSc, MSc ;   Cynthia Yang   ³ , BSc, MSc ;   Talita Duarte-Salles   ⁴ , MPH, PhD ;   Thomas Falconer   ⁵ , BSc, MSc ;   Jitendra Jonnagaddala   ⁶ , MIS, PhD ;   Andrew Williams   ⁷ , PhD ;   Sergio Fernández-Bertolín   ⁴ , MSc ;   Scott L DuVall   ⁸ , PhD ;   Kristin Kostka   ⁹ , MPH ;   Gowtham Rao   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Azza Shoaibi   ¹ , PhD ;   Anna Ostropolets   ⁵ , MD ;   Matthew E Spotnitz   ⁵ , MPH, MD ;   Lin Zhang   ^{10, 11} , PhD ;   Paula Casajust   ¹² , BSc, MSc ;   Ewout W Steyerberg   ^{13, 14} , MSc, PhD ;   Fredrik Nyberg   ¹⁵ , MPH, MD, PhD ;   Benjamin Skov Kaas-Hansen   ^{16, 17} , MSc, MD ;   Young Hwa Choi   ¹⁸ , MD, PhD ;   Daniel Morales   ¹⁹ , PhD, MBChB ;   Siaw-Teng Liaw   ⁶ , PhD ;   Maria Tereza Fernandes Abrahão   ²⁰ , PhD ;   Carlos Areia   ²¹ , MSc, PT ;   Michael E Matheny   ²² , MD, MPH, MS ;   Kristine E Lynch   ⁸ , PhD ;   María Aragón   ⁴ , MSc ;   Rae Woong Park   ²³ , MD, PhD ;   George Hripcsak   ⁵ , MD, MS ;   Christian G Reich   ⁹ , MD, PhD ;   Marc A Suchard   ²⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Seng Chan You   ²³ , MD, MS ;   Patrick B Ryan   ¹ , PhD ;   Daniel Prieto-Alhambra   ²⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Peter R Rijnbeek   ³ , PhD

¹ Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, United States

² Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea

³ Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

⁴ Fundacio Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atencio Primaria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Barcelona, Spain

⁵ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States

⁶ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

⁷ Tufts Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Boston, MA, United States

⁸ Department of Veterans Affairs, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States

⁹ Real World Solutions, IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, United States

¹⁰ Melbourne School of Public Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

¹¹ School of Public Health, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

¹² Department of Real-World Evidence, Trial Form Support, Barcelona, Spain

¹³ Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

¹⁴ Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

¹⁵ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

¹⁶ Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark

¹⁷ NNF Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

¹⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea

¹⁹ Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom

²⁰ Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

²¹ Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

²² Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States

²³ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea

²⁴ Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

²⁵ Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom