Adapting Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to Assess Clinical Semantic Textual Similarity: Algorithm Development and Validation Study

Klaus Kades   ^{1, 2 *} , MSc ;   Jan Sellner   ^{1, 3 *} , MSc ;   Gregor Koehler   ¹ , MSc ;   Peter M Full   ^{1, 4} , BSc ;   T Y Emmy Lai   ^{1, 5} , MSc ;   Jens Kleesiek   ^{1, 2, 3, 6 *} , MD, PhD ;   Klaus H Maier-Hein   ^{1, 2, 3, 4 *} , PhD

¹ German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

² Partner Site Heidelberg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany

³ Helmholtz Information and Data Science School for Health, Karlsruhe/Heidelberg, Germany

⁴ Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

⁵ Hochschule Mannheim, University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany

⁶ Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (IKIM), University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany

*these authors contributed equally