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A Scalable Radiomics- and Natural Language Processing–Based Machine Learning Pipeline to Distinguish Between Painful and Painless Thoracic Spinal Bone Metastases: Retrospective Algorithm Development and Validation Study

A Scalable Radiomics- and Natural Language Processing–Based Machine Learning Pipeline to Distinguish Between Painful and Painless Thoracic Spinal Bone Metastases: Retrospective Algorithm Development and Validation Study

Due to the quality of the documented pain scores and lack of interrater agreement among experts (Fleiss κ=0.43), as explained by Naseri et al [25], we subsequently defined a binary pain score as “no pain” and “pain” in order to establish satisfactory interrater agreement (κ=0.66) [25]. To create binary ground-truth pain labels comparable to the NLP-extracted labels, we assigned notes scored as “no pain” to “no pain” and notes scored as “mild,” “moderate,” and “severe” pain to “pain.”

Hossein Naseri, Sonia Skamene, Marwan Tolba, Mame Daro Faye, Paul Ramia, Julia Khriguian, Marc David, John Kildea

JMIR AI 2023;2:e44779