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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JMI</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">JMIR Med Inform</journal-id>
      <journal-title>JMIR Medical Informatics</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2291-9694</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>JMIR Publications</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>Toronto, Canada</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">v14i1e98666</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="pmid">40879335</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2196/98666</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Retraction</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Retraction</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Retraction: Application of a Mathematical Model in Determining the Spread of the Rabies Virus: Simulation Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib id="contrib1" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" equal-contrib="yes">
          <collab>JMIR Publications Editorial Office</collab>
          <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
          <address>
            <institution>JMIR Publications</institution>
            <addr-line>130 Queens Quay East, Suite 1100-1102</addr-line>
            <addr-line>Toronto, ON</addr-line>
            <phone>1 4165832040</phone>
            <email>ed-support@jmir.org</email>
          </address>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution>JMIR Publications</institution>
        <addr-line>Toronto, ON</addr-line>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp>Corresponding Author:  JMIR Publications Editorial Office <email>ed-support@jmir.org</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>14</volume>
      <elocation-id>e98666</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>4</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>4</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <copyright-statement>© JMIR Publications Editorial Office. Originally published in JMIR Medical Informatics (https://medinform.jmir.org), 28.04.2026.</copyright-statement>
      <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
        <p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Medical Informatics, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://medinform.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.</p>
      </license>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://medinform.jmir.org/2026/1/e98666" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <related-article related-article-type="retracted-article" id="v8i5e18627" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.2196/18627" vol="8" page="e18627" xlink:type="simple" xlink:title="Retraction of:">https://medinform.jmir.org/2020/5/e18627/</related-article>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The JMIR Publications Editorial Office is retracting the article:</p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>Application of a Mathematical Model in Determining the Spread of the Rabies Virus: Simulation Study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>This action is being taken due to identified concerns regarding potential manipulation of the submission process and authorship, the integrity of the peer review process, and the relevance of several references.</p>
    <p>The concerns with this publication were identified during an investigation of a series of articles with related concerns. In response to our request for comment, author Yihao Huang indicated that the identified references were cited in a broader methodological context on computational modeling. However, as these references supported statements related to the history and transmission of rabies, the JMIR Publications Editorial Office determined that this response did not fully resolve the concerns regarding the initial use of these references in the published article.</p>
    <p>Yihao Huang disagreed with the retraction. Author Mingtao Li did not reply directly and could not be reached regarding the decision to retract the article.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <app-group/>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name name-style="western">
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Yihao</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western">
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Mingtao</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Application of a mathematical model in determining the spread of the rabies virus: simulation study</article-title>
          <source>JMIR Med Inform</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <day>27</day>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e18627</fpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://medinform.jmir.org/2020/5/e18627/"/>
          </comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2196/18627</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="medline">32459185</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pii">v8i5e18627</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmcid">PMC7287750</pub-id>
        </nlm-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
